What role do microorganisms play in the treatment of wastewater?

Microorganisms play a crucial role in the treatment of wastewater primarily by breaking down organic matter and purifying water. In wastewater treatment processes, such as activated sludge systems and biological treatment methods, these microorganisms decompose organic pollutants, converting them into simpler, less harmful substances. This microbial metabolism not only reduces the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the water—which is a measure of the organic matter present—but also helps in processing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. As a result, the water is purified and made suitable for discharge or further treatment.

Additionally, the activity of these microorganisms is vital for maintaining the balance of the biological ecosystems within treatment facilities, ensuring that the treatment process is efficient and effective. This natural biological process is a fundamental principle of wastewater management, highlighting the importance of microorganisms in achieving clean water outcomes.